Licensed Money Transmitters Across the United States
The money transmission industry in the United States is regulated at both the federal and state level. At the federal level, all money transmitters must register with FinCEN as Money Services Businesses. At the state level, 49 states (all except Montana) require a separate money transmitter license, each with its own application process, surety bond requirements, and ongoing compliance obligations.
Regulatory Landscape
As of 2023, the NMLS reported 611 companies holding a total of 8,589 approved money transmitter licenses across participating states. The industry spans from global giants like Western Union and MoneyGram to hundreds of smaller regional operators and emerging fintech companies.
State-by-State Licensing Requirements
| Requirement | Typical Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Application Fee | $500–$5,000+ | Varies widely by state |
| Surety Bond | $10,000–$1,000,000 | Colorado requires minimum $1M |
| Net Worth Minimum | $100,000–$1,000,000 | Higher for larger transmitters |
| Processing Time | 60–180 days | New York and California among the longest |
Model Money Transmission Modernization Act
The Conference of State Bank Supervisors (CSBS) approved the Model Money Transmission Modernization Act in 2021 to harmonize state-level regulations. As of early 2025, 25 states have enacted legislation adopting the model act in whole or in part, including South Carolina, South Dakota, Missouri (2024), and Wisconsin and Kansas (effective January 2025). Despite this progress, significant regulatory fragmentation remains across jurisdictions.
Key Industry Segments
- Traditional Remittance
- Western Union, MoneyGram — extensive physical agent networks across 200+ countries
- Digital-First Platforms
- Wise, Remitly, Payoneer — online-only or mobile-first models with lower fees
- Payment Processors
- PayPal, Block (Square/Cash App), Stripe — integrated payment ecosystems
- Crypto-Adjacent
- Companies offering cryptocurrency transmission services, subject to additional state-specific rules